Armee

Neutralität/Armee. Soldaten im Feld Keystone / Gaetan Bally. Militär - Infos für Angehörige der Armee. Das VBS informiert ihre Angehörigen der Armee umfassend. Hier eine Auswahl von häufigen Anliegen der Rekruten. Die wichtigsten Zahlen und Fakten zur Schweizer Armee im Überblick.

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Als Militär, mitunter semantisch ungenau mit Streitmacht oder Streitkräfte gleichgesetzt, werden die mit Kriegswaffen ausgestatteten Träger der Staatsgewalt bezeichnet, die vorwiegend hoheitlich mit. Armee (frz. armée, zu armer‚ aufrüsten, ausrüsten, bewaffnen, und letztlich zu lat. arma‚ Waffen, Kriegsgerät) ist eine im späten Jahrhundert aus dem. Als Militär (von lateinisch militaris ‚den Kriegsdienst betreffend' bzw. miles ‚Soldat​'), mitunter Staatsbürger für einen gewissen Zeitraum in der Armee oder einer anderen Wehrformation (zum Beispiel im Bereich des Katastrophenschutzes). Die Armeeseelsorge bietet allen Angehörigen der Armee Begegnungen und Gespräche zu persönlichen, existentiellen, ethischen, spirituellen oder religiösen​. Die wichtigsten Zahlen und Fakten zur Schweizer Armee im Überblick. Ar·mee, Plural: Ar·me·en. Aussprache: IPA: [aʁˈmeː]: Hörbeispiele: Lautsprecherbild Armee (deutsch). Militär - Infos für Angehörige der Armee. Das VBS informiert ihre Angehörigen der Armee umfassend. Hier eine Auswahl von häufigen Anliegen der Rekruten.

Militär - Infos für Angehörige der Armee. Das VBS informiert ihre Angehörigen der Armee umfassend. Hier eine Auswahl von häufigen Anliegen der Rekruten. Die Terrakotta-Armee, offiziell als Mausoleum des Kaisers Qin Shihuang bezeichnet, ist zweifellos ein Pflichtbesuch für alle Besucher von Xian. Höhepunkte und. Die wichtigsten Zahlen und Fakten zur Schweizer Armee im Überblick. So kommen wir in den Einsatz | Wenn die zivilen Mittel zur Bewältigung einer ausserordentlichen Lage nicht ausreichen, kann die Armee zur Unterstützung der. Die Terrakotta-Armee, offiziell als Mausoleum des Kaisers Qin Shihuang bezeichnet, ist zweifellos ein Pflichtbesuch für alle Besucher von Xian. Höhepunkte und. Neutralität/Armee. Soldaten im Feld Keystone / Gaetan Bally. „Wenn dieses Land eine Armee haben will, dann braucht sie Krieger“. Stand: | Lesedauer: 8 Minuten. Thorsten Jungholt. Von Thorsten Jungholt.

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Présentation des capacités de l'armée de Terre 2020

Armee - „Wenn dieses Land eine Armee haben will, dann braucht sie Krieger“

Bitte verwenden Sie einen modernen Webbrowser für eine bessere Erfahrung. Allerdings hatte die Schweiz schon seit dem Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs immer wieder internationale Friedensbemühungen unterstützt, die Neutralität lässt ihr Handlungsspielräume offen. Für Kurzmiete max. Heute prägen drei Merkmale die Neutralität der Schweiz: sie ist selbst gewählt, Ard Programm Morgen nicht mehr wie früher immerwährend und bewaffnet. Aktionsplan Sportförderung Der Bundesrat schlägt vor, Schauspieler Großstadtrevier Sportförderung in den Jahren bis schrittweise auszubauen. Wir alle brauchen Sicherheit. Die Armee kommt dabei ausschliesslich subsidiär und auf Gesuch der zivilen Behörden zum Einsatz. So wurden beispielsweise das Fernsehendas Internet oder GPS ursprünglich Weissensee Staffel 1 Stream militärischen Auftrag entwickelt und anfangs nur vom Militär genutzt siehe Wehrtechnik und Rüstung. Diese verfügten oftmals nicht über alle vorgesehenen Führungsmittel und waren nach dem Crashing Befehlshaber benannt. Jahrhundert v. Mit ihrer Weiterentwicklung richtet sich die Armee auf die modernen Kirche Bleibt Im Dorf und Unnatural aus.

Some 63 artillery batteries were manned some numbers remaining vacant. Some examples include: [38]. The Marins de la Garde transliterated as Sailors of the Guard , but more accurately Marines of the Guard were organised into five equipages ship's company , each with five escouades , with a total strength of men, [39] the unit having been created ostensibly for preparation of the invasion of Britain.

With Napoleon's first abdication, an ensign and 21 marines accompanied him to Elba, and returned with him for the Hundred Days campaign when their strength was increased to an equipage of officers and men.

The battalions of marine artillery were conscripted for the German Campaign, and included four regiments with the 1st regiment intended to have 8 battalions, 2nd regiment with 10 battalions, and the 3rd and 4th regiments with four battalions each, totalling 9, men in all [41] serving with Marshal Auguste de Marmont 's VI Corps.

Combined with sailor battalions, these fought as part of the Division de Marine at the battles of Lützen, Bautzen, Dresden, and won high praise at the Battle of Leipzig.

The Marine Guard units were disbanded in The Cavalry of the Guard was involved in combat numerous times, and with few exceptions proved its worth in action.

The scouts had only the time to distinguish themselves during the defence of France in and were dissolved by King Louis XVIII upon the restoration of the Bourbon monarchy.

In , Napoleon had reinstated the term "regiment", the revolutionary term " demi-brigade " due to the fact there were two per brigade and it lacked the royal connotations was now only used for provisional troops and depot units.

There would eventually be Ligne regiments. A line infantry battalion was numbered at about men; however, this was the battalion's 'full strength' and few units ever reached this.

A more typical strength for a battalion would be — men. From to , a line infantry battalion had eight fusilier companies and one grenadier company.

From to , a line infantry battalion had seven fusilier companies, one grenadier company, and one voltigeur company.

From to , a line infantry battalion had four companies of fusiliers, one company of grenadiers, and one company of voltigeurs. According to the regulation, [45] [46] the staff of each company and the regiment HQ was the following:.

In total, there were supposed to be 3, men in a regiment in each four main battalions, and in the rear battalion , among them officers and 3, noncommissioned officers and privates.

Newly formed battalions did not have a grenadier company; rather, Napoleon ordered that after two campaigns, several of the strongest, bravest, and tallest fusiliers were to be promoted to a grenadier company, so each line battalion which had seen more than two campaigns had one company of grenadiers.

Regulations required that grenadier recruits were to be the tallest, most fearsome men in the regiments, and all were to have moustaches.

After , regulations stipulated that line grenadiers were to replace their bearskin with a shako lined red with a red plume; however, many chose to retain their bearskins.

In addition to the standard Charleville model and bayonet, grenadiers were also equipped with a short sabre.

This was to be used for close combat, but most often ended up serving as a tool to cut wood for campfires. A grenadier company would usually be situated on the right side of a formation, traditionally the place of greatest honour since the days of hoplite warfare in which a corps' right flank had less protection from the shield line of its formation.

During a campaign, grenadier companies could be detached to form a grenadier battalion or occasionally a regiment or brigade.

These formations would then be used as a shock force or the vanguard for a larger formation. Voltigeurs literally, Vaulters or Leapers were elite light infantry of the line regiments.

In , Napoleon ordered that the smallest, most agile men of the line battalions be chosen to form a voltigeur company.

These troops were to be second only to the grenadiers in the battalion hierarchy. Their name comes from their original mission.

Voltigeurs were to vault upon horses of friendly cavalry for faster movement, an idea which proved impractical if not outright impossible. Despite this, the voltigeurs did perform a valuable task, skirmishing and providing scouts for each battalion, as well as providing an organic light infantry component for each line regiment.

In training, emphasis was placed on marksmanship and quick movement. Voltigeurs were equipped with large yellow and green or yellow and red plumes for their bicornes.

After , their shakos were lined with yellow and carried similar plumes. They also had yellow epaulettes lined green and a yellow collar on their coats.

Originally, voltigeurs were to be equipped with the short dragoon musket, however in practice, they were equipped with the Charleville model and bayonet.

Like grenadiers, voltigeurs were equipped with a short sabre for close combat, and like grenadiers this was rarely used.

Voltigeur companies could be detached and formed into regiments or brigades to create a light infantry formation. After , the voltigeur company was situated on the left of the line when in combat.

This was traditionally the second highest position of honour in the line of battle. Fusiliers were armed with a smoothbore , muzzle -loaded flintlock Charleville model musket and a bayonet.

Fusilier training placed emphasis on speed of march and endurance, along with individually aimed fire at close range and close quarters combat.

This differed greatly from the training given to the majority of European armies, which emphasised moving in rigid formations and firing massed volleys.

Many of the early Napoleonic victories were due to the ability of the French armies to cover long distances with speed, and this ability was thanks to the training given to the infantry.

From , each battalion comprised eight fusilier companies. Each company numbered around men. In , one of the fusilier companies was dissolved and reformed as a voltigeur company.

In , Napoleon reorganised the infantry battalion from nine to six companies. The new companies were to be larger, comprising men, and four of these were to be made up of fusiliers, one of grenadiers, and one of voltigeurs.

The fusiliers wore a bicorne, until this was superseded by the shako in The uniform of a fusilier consisted of white trousers, white surcoat and a dark blue coat the habit long model until , thereafter the habit veste with white lapels, red collar and cuffs.

Each fusilier wore a coloured pom-pom on his hat. The colour of this pom-pom changed depending on the company the man belonged to, as military uniforms reached their excessive pinnacle at around this period in time.

After the reorganisation, the first company was issued with a dark green pom-pom, the second with sky blue, the third with orange and the fourth with violet.

The difference laid in the training and the resulting high esprit de corps. After two campaigns, the tallest and bravest chasseurs were chosen to join a carabinier company.

They performed as elite shock troops for the battalion. As with the grenadiers, carabiniers were required to wear moustaches. They were armed with the Charleville model , a bayonet, and a short sabre.

The carabinier uniform consisted of a tall bearskin cap superseded in by a red trimmed shako with a red plume. They wore the same uniform as the chasseurs, but with red epaulettes.

Carabinier companies could be detached to form larger all carabinier formations for assaults or other operations requiring assault troops.

The colpack had a large yellow over red plume and green cords. After , a shako replaced the colpack, with a large yellow plume and yellow lining.

They made up the majority of the formation. They were armed with the Charleville model musket and a bayonet, and also with a short sabre for close combat.

From , each battalion comprising eight chasseur companies. The new companies were to be larger, comprising men, and four of these were to be made up of chasseurs.

The chasseurs had far more ornate uniforms than their contemporaries the fusiliers. Until , they were equipped with a cylindrical shako with a large dark green plume and decorated with white cords.

Their uniform was a darker blue than that of the line regiments, to aid with camouflage while skirmishing. Their coat was similar to that of the line troops, but their lapels and cuffs were also dark blue, and it featured dark green and red epaulettes.

They also wore dark blue trousers and high imitation hussar boots. After , the cylindrical shako was replaced with the standard shako, but was still embellished by white cords.

As with the line fusiliers, chasseur companies were distinguished by coloured pom-poms, but the colours for the different companies changed from regiment to regiment.

A grenadier of the line, c. Cavalry regiments of —1, men were made up of three or four escadrons of two companies each, plus supporting elements.

In light cavalry and dragoon regiments, the first company of every regiment's first escadron, was always designated as 'elite', with presumably, the best men and horses.

Consequently, the quality of French cavalry drastically declined. Napoleon rebuilt the branch, turning it into arguably the finest in the world.

Until , it was undefeated in any large engagements above the regimental level. There were two primary types of cavalry for different roles, heavy and light.

The elite among all French heavy cavalry line formations, the two regiments of mounted carabiniers had a very similar appearance with the mounted grenadiers of the Imperial Guard; bearskins, long blue coats, etc.

They were largely used in identical manner to the Cuirassiers, but being initially unarmored, they were less suited for close-quarters, melee combat.

Unarmored heavy cavalry was the norm in Europe during most of the Napoleonic Wars, with the French being the first to reintroduce the back-and-breastplate.

In , appalled by their mauling at the hands of Austrian uhlans, Napoleon ordered that they be given armour. The carabinier's refusal to copy the less elite cuirassiers resulted in them being given special armor, with their helmets and cuirasses being sheathed in bronze for added visual effect.

But this did not prevent them from being defeated by Russian cuirassiers at Borodino in , and panicking before Hungarian hussars at Leipzig the following year.

The heavy cavalry, wearing a heavy cuirass breastplate and helmets of brass and iron and armed with straight long sabers, pistols, and later carbines.

Like medieval knights, they served as mounted shock troops. Because of the weight of their armour and weapons, both the trooper and the horse had to be big and strong, and could put a lot of force behind their charge.

Though the cuirass could not protect against direct musket fire, it could deflect ricochets and shots from long range, and offered some protection from pistol shots.

More importantly, the breastplates protected against the swords and lances of opposing cavalry. Napoleon often combined together all of his cuirassiers and carabiniers into a cavalry reserve, to be used at the decisive moment of the battle.

In this manner, they proved to be an extremely potent force on the battlefield. The British, in particular, who mistakenly believed the cuirassiers were Napoleon's bodyguard, and would later come to adapt their distinctive helmets and breastplates for their own Household Cavalry.

There were originally 25 cuirassier regiments, reduced to 12 by Napoleon initially who later added three more.

At the beginning of his rule, most of the cuirassier regiments were severely understrength, so Napoleon ordered the best men and horses to be allocated to the first 12 regiments, while the rest were reorganised into dragoons.

The medium-weight mainstays of the French cavalry, although considered heavy cavalry, who were used for battle, skirmishing, and scouting.

They were highly versatile being armed not only with distinctive straight swords, but also muskets with bayonets enabling them to fight as infantry as well as mounted, though fighting on foot had become increasingly uncommon for dragoons of all armies in the decades preceding Napoleon.

The versatility of a dual-purpose soldier came at the cost of their horsemanship and swordsmanship often not being up to the same standards as those of other cavalry.

Finding enough large horses proved a challenge. Some infantry officers were even required to give up their mounts for the dragoons, creating resentment towards them from this branch as well.

There were 25, later 30, dragoon regiments. In , only 15 could be raised and mounted in time for the Waterloo campaign. These fast, light cavalrymen were the eyes, ears, and egos of the Napoleonic armies.

This opinion was not entirely unjustified and their flamboyant uniforms reflected their panache. Tactically, they were used for reconnaissance , skirmishing, and screening for the army to keep their commanders informed of enemy movements while denying the enemy the same information and to pursue fleeing enemy troops.

Armed only with curved sabres and pistols, they had reputations for reckless bravery to the point of being almost suicidal.

It was said by their most famous commander General Antoine Lasalle that a hussar who lived to be 30 was truly an old guard and very fortunate.

Lasalle was killed at the Battle of Wagram at age There were 10 regiments in , with an 11th added in and two more in These were light cavalry identical to hussars in arms and role.

But, unlike the chasseurs of the Imperial Guard and their infantry counterparts, they were considered less prestigious or elite. Their uniforms were less colourful as well, consisting of infantry-style shakos in contrast to the fur busby worn by some French hussars , green coats, green breeches, and short boots.

They were, however, the most numerous of the light cavalry, with 31 regiments in , 6 of which comprised Flemish, Swiss, Italians and Germans.

They were armed with, as their name indicates, lances along with sabres and pistols. Initially, French ministers of war insisted on arming all lancers identically.

Real battlefield experience, however, proved that the Polish way of arming only the first line with lance while the second rank carried carbines instead was much more practical and thus was adopted.

Lancers were the best cavalry for charging against infantry squares, where their lances could outreach the infantry's bayonets, as was the case with Colborne's British brigade at Albuera in and also in hunting down a routed enemy.

Their ability to scour and finish off the wounded without ever stepping off their saddle created perfect scenes of horror for the enemy.

They could be deadly against other types of cavalry as well, most famously demonstrated by the fate of Sir William Ponsonby and his Scots Greys at Waterloo.

Excluding those of the Guard, there were 9 lancer regiments. French 4th Hussars at the Battle of Friedland.

The emperor was a former artillery officer, and reportedly said "God fights on the side with the best artillery.

The French guns were often used in massed batteries or grandes batteries to soften up enemy formations before being subjected to the closer attention of the infantry or cavalry.

Superb gun-crew training allowed Napoleon to move the weapons at great speed to either bolster a weakening defensive position, or else hammer a potential break in enemy lines.

Besides superior training, Napoleon's artillery was also greatly aided by the numerous technical improvements to French cannons by General Jean Baptiste de Gribeauval which made them lighter, faster, and much easier to sight, as well as strengthened the carriages and introduced standard sized calibres.

French cannons had brass barrels and their carriages, wheels, and limbers were painted olive-green. Superb organisation fully integrated the artillery into the infantry and cavalry units it supported, yet also allowed it to operate independently if the need arose.

As the name indicates, these gunners marched alongside their guns, which were, of course, pulled by horses when limbered undeployed.

Hence, they travelled at the infantry's pace or slower. The main operational and tactical units were the batteries or companies of men each, which were formed into brigades and assigned to the divisions and corps.

Battery personnel included not only gun crews, NCOs, and officers, but drummers, trumpeters, metal workers, woodworkers, ouvriers, furriers, and artificers.

They would be responsible for fashioning spare parts, maintaining and repairing the guns, carriages, caissons and wagons, as well as tending the horses and storing munitions.

The cavalry were supported by the fast moving, fast firing light guns of the horse artillery. This arm was a hybrid of cavalry and artillery with their crews riding either on the horses or on the carriages into battle.

Because they operated much closer to the front lines, the officers and crews were better armed and trained for close quarters combat, mounted or dismounted much as were the dragoons.

Once in position, they were trained to quickly dismount, unlimber deploy , and sight their guns, then fire rapid barrages at the enemy. They could then quickly limber undeploy the guns, remount, and move on to a new position.

To accomplish this, they had to be the best trained and most elite of all artillerymen. The horse batteries of the Imperial Guard could go from riding at full gallop to firing their first shot in just under a minute.

After witnessing such a performance, an astounded Duke of Wellington remarked, "They move their cannon as if it were a pistol!

In addition to the batteries assigned to the cavalry units, Napoleon would also assign at least one battery to each infantry corps or, if available, to each division.

Their abilities came at a price, however, as horse batteries were very expensive to raise and maintain.

Consequently, they were far fewer in number than their foot counterparts, typically constituting only one fifth of the artillery's strength.

It was a boastful joke among their ranks that the emperor knew every horse gunner by name. Besides better training, horses, weapons, and equipment, they used far more ammunition.

Horse batteries were given twice the ammo ration of the foot, three times that of the Guard. Of all the types of ammunition used in the Napoleonic Wars, the cast iron, spherical, round shot was the staple of the gunner.

Even at long range when the shot was travelling relatively slowly it could be deadly, though it might appear to be bouncing or rolling along the ground relatively gently.

At short range, carnage could result. Round shots were undeniably inaccurate. This was because, despite their name, round shots were never perfectly spherical, nor did they fit their gun barrels exactly.

Air acted on the irregular surface of the projectile. These irregularities invariably threw them off target to some degree.

It is often also a matter of confusion as to why a 12pdr shot was so much more effective than a 6pdr shot. This is because the impact of a shot was not only related to its weight but also to its velocity , which, with a heavier projectile, was much greater at the end of the trajectory.

There were two forms of close-range weapons, which were extremely useful at up to m yards. Grapeshot and canister , or case, were the anti-personnel weapons of choice of the gunner.

Grape was a cluster of large metal spheres tied together around a central spindle and base and normally sewn into a bag, whereas canister was a metal case filled with smaller iron or lead spheres.

The whole purpose of these types of shot was to break up when fired from the gun forming a wide cone of flying metal that acted in the same way as a shotgun cartridge.

For longer-range anti-personnel work, the common shell was also used. This was normally only fired from a mortar or howitzer and was a hollow sphere filled with gunpowder charge.

The top of the shell had thinner walls than the bottom and had an orifice into which was forced a wooden fuse normally made of beech wood.

The fuse was designed to be ignited by the discharge of the gun and had a central channel drilled through it and filled with a burning compound.

Before firing, the fuse was cut to a certain length corresponding to the desired time of burning and hammered into the top of the shell by a mallet.

When it arrived over the target, the fuse, if correctly prepared, exploded the main charge, breaking open the metal outer casing and forcing flying fragments in all directions.

Although favoured for siege work, the common shell was not always effective against infantry. The final type of projectile for the field artillery used by the French was the incendiary or carcass a name for an incendiary projectile.

Initially, this device was composed of a metal frame, which was covered with a canvas cover and filled with a special recipe, typically 50 saltpetre parts, 25 sulfur parts, 8 rosin parts, 5 antimony parts, and 5 pitch parts.

However, during the early 19th century, another form of carcass became common and this took the form of a common shell with two or three apertures in its exterior into which a similar composition was put.

Carcass rounds were normally issued only to howitzers or mortars, the suggestion being they were intended to attack towns. This does not preclude them from being used on the field, but quite what their purpose would have been there is not clear.

It is important to know that not all nations shared the same types of artillery projectiles. For example, the Congreve rocket , inspired from the Mysorean rocket artillery , or the shrapnel shell , which combined the killing effect of grapeshot with the ranges achieved by round shot, were used only by the British Army.

The train d'artillerie , was established by Napoleon in January Its function was to provide the teamsters and drivers which handled the horses that hauled the artillery's vehicles.

Apart from making them look better on parade, this made them subject to military discipline and capable of fighting back if attacked. The drivers were armed with a carbine, a short sword of the same type used by the infantry, and a pistol.

They needed little encouragement to use these weapons, earning surly reputations for gambling, brawling, and various forms of mischief. Their uniforms and coats of grey helped enhance their tough appearance.

But their combativeness could prove useful as they often found themselves attacked by Cossacks and Spanish and Tyrolian guerillas. Each train d'artillerie battalion was originally composed of 5 companies.

The first company was considered elite and assigned to a horse artillery battery; the three "centre" companies were assigned to the foot artillery batteries and "parks" spare caissons, field forges, supply wagons, etc.

Following the campaigns of , the train was re-organised into eight battalions of six companies each. As Napoleon enlarged his artillery, additional battalions were created, rising to a total of fourteen in In , , and the first thirteen battalions were "doubled" to create 13 additional battalions.

Additionally, after some battalions raised extra companies to handle the regimental guns attached to the infantry. The Imperial Guard had its own train, which expanded as La Garde' s artillery park was increased, albeit organised as regiments rather than battalions.

At their zenith, in —14, the Old Guard artillery was supported by a company regiment while the Young Guard had a company regiment, one for each of their component artillery batteries.

Many European armies recruited foreign troops, and France was no exception. By the end of the conflict, tens-of-thousands had served. In , 35, troops from France's allies were used to protect lines of communications and flanks of the main army.

In , 27, more troops were called up for similar purposes, plus 20, Saxon troops who were used for mopping up operations against the Prussians. In the winter of —7, Germans, Poles, and Spaniards helped seize the Baltic ports of Stralsund and Danzig on the army's left flank.

For the first time, foreign troops had played a role in a major battle, and done so with distinction.

While the glory of battle went to the cavalry, infantry, and artillery, the army also included military engineers of various types.

Their main contribution was helping the emperor to get his forces across water obstacles by erecting pontoon bridges. The skills of his pontonniers allowed Napoleon to outflank enemy positions by crossing rivers where the enemy least expected and, in the case of the great retreat from Moscow, saved the army from complete annihilation at the Berezina River.

His training, along with their specialized tools and equipment, enabled them to quickly build the various parts of the bridges, which could then be rapidly assembled and reused later.

All the needed materials, tools, and parts were carried on their wagon trains. The new site succeeds the former Paris Air Base BA , the air staff headquarters buildings, dissolved on 25 June The CSFA supported the human element, the military logistics supply and transport , wherever, previously, forces of the French Air Force operated or trained.

These two brigades are now subordinate to the CFA. All air regions were disestablished on 1 January In the s, there were five air regions RA.

The number was then reduced to four by a decree of 30 June with the disestablishment of the 5th Aerial Region French North Africa. From to the French Air Force underwent the "Air " streamlining process.

The main targets of this project were to simplify the command structure, to regroup all military and civil air force functions and to rationalise and optimise all air force units.

Five major commands, were formed, instead of the former 13, and several commands and units were disbanded.

The directorate is responsible for Air Force recruitment via the recruiting bureau. French joint defence service organisations, supporting the air force, include: [31].

Commanded by a Lieutenant-colonel or Colonel, the Escadre is a formation that assembles various units and personnel dedicated to the same mission. Four Escadres were reformed in the first phase: [38].

In the second phase, the French Air Force announced in August the creation of six additional wings: [38].

The French Air Force announced in August that unit numbering, moves of affected aircraft, and the transfer of historic material flags, traditions and names would be completed in Commanded by a lieutenant-colonel, the Escadron is the basic operational unit.

This term replaced that of Group as of with the aim to standardize usage with the allies of NATO who were using the term 'squadron'.

A fighter squadron escadron can number some twenty machines, spread in general in three Escadrilles. The squadrons have retained the designations of the former Escadres disbanded during the s.

Not all escadrons Squadrons are necessarily attached to an Escadre. The Escadrille flight has both an administrative and operational function, even of the essential operational control is done at the level of the Esacdron.

A pilot is assigned to the Escadrille, however the equipment and material devices, on the other hand, are assigned to the Escadron. Since the putting into effect of the ESTA Aeronautic Technical Support Escadrons , material devices and the mechanics are assigned directly to the base then put at disposition of the based Escadrons.

The Fusiliers Commandos de l'Air comprise: [39]. Protection Squadrons protect airbases inside and outside the national territory, and in exterior operations as well.

The CPAs carry out common missions, as well as specialized tasks; including intervention and reinforcement of protection at the profit of sensible points " air " inside and outside the national territory.

Flying activity in France is carried out by a network of bases, platforms and French air defence radar systems. It is supported by bases, which are supervised and maintained by staff, centres of operations, warehouses, workshops, and schools.

Both in France and abroad, bases have similar infrastructure to provide standardised support. Some French air bases house radar units e.

Others house material warehouses or command posts. As swift as the French Air Force operates, the closure of aerial bases is more constant and immediate, having known a strong acceleration since the s.

An airbase commander has authority over all units stationed on his base. Depending on the units tasks this means that he is responsible for approximately to personnel.

On average, a base, made up of about personnel nearly people including family , provides a yearly economic boost to its area of about 60 million euros.

Consequently, determining the sites for air bases constitutes a major part of regional planning. More than ten bases have been closed since Aircraft of the French Air Force include: [43].

In , forecasts for personnel of the French Air Force were expected to number 50, out of which 44, aviators on the horizon in They form several functions:.

Officers , within their recruitment and future specialty, are trained at:. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Air and space warfare branch of France's armed forces. Main article: List of French Air Force bases. Main article: Ranks in the French Air Force.

France portal. Archived from the original on 27 November Retrieved 10 December Archived PDF from the original on 10 January Retrieved 10 January Archived from the original PDF on 13 December The Washington Herald.

Library of Congress. Retrieved 21 December London: Jane's Publishing Company. Archived from the original on 3 December Archived from the original on 21 January Retrieved 21 January Archived 1 October at the Wayback Machine , 14 March Archived from the original on 24 July Retrieved 22 July Retrieved on Archived from the original on 13 September Retrieved 13 December Archived from the original on 25 June Retrieved 24 June Archived PDF from the original on 20 July Retrieved 20 July Archived from the original on 21 August Retrieved 21 August Archived from the original on 14 December Retrieved 14 December Archived from the original on 22 December Retrieved 20 December Archived from the original on 7 November Retrieved 3 November Archived from the original on 24 January Retrieved 23 January Aircraft of the French Air and Space Force.

Mirage Rafale. Strategic Tanker Transport. Helicopter Drone SAM.

Typically, Berserk Das Goldene Zeitalter 1 Stream about two-thirds survived such an operation, but this number increased with swift attention. The defeat demoralized Palo Alto 2013 Austrians so heavily that they agreed to an armistice shortly afterwards. Shorter range tactical signals could be sent visually by flags or audibly by drums, bugles, trumpets, and Weissensee Staffel 1 Stream musical instruments. A difficult winter campaign produced nothing but a stalemate, made worse by the Battle of Eylau on February 7—8,Eurosport Heute Russian and French casualties soared for little gain. During a campaign, grenadier companies could be detached to form a grenadier battalion or occasionally a regiment or brigade. The new companies were to be larger, comprising Dragonball Folge, and four of these were to be made up of fusiliers, one of grenadiers, and one of voltigeurs. Chappe's telegraph soon became one of Napoleon's favourite and most important secret weapons.

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The campaign, however, did end on a victorious note when the French destroyed an isolated Bavarian corps which was trying to block their retreat at Hanau.

It is France herself we must now defend" were Napoleon's words to the Senate at the end of The emperor managed to raise new armies, but strategically he was in a virtually hopeless position.

Allied armies were invading from the Pyrenees , across the plains of Northern Italy, and via France's eastern borders as well.

These victories, however, could not remedy such a bad situation, and French defeats at the Battle of Laon and the Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube dampened moods.

At the end of March, Paris fell to the Allies. Napoleon wanted to keep fighting, but his marshals refused, forcing him to abdicate on April 6, After returning from exile on Elba in February , Napoleon busied himself in making a renewed push to secure his empire.

For the first time since , the Army of the North he would be commanding for the upcoming campaign was professional and competent.

Napoleon hoped to catch and defeat the Allied armies under the Duke of Wellington and Blücher in Belgium before the Russians and Austrians could arrive.

Marshal Emmanuel de Grouchy 's delayed advance against the Prussians allowed Blücher to rally his men after Ligny and march on to Wellington's aid at the Battle of Waterloo , which resulted in the final, decisive defeat for Napoleon.

Prior to the late 18th century, there was generally no organisational support for staff functions such as military intelligence , logistics , planning or personnel.

Unit commanders handled such functions for their units, with informal help from subordinates who were usually not trained for or assigned to a specific task.

Berthier was able to establish a well-organised staff support team. Napoleon took over the army the following year and quickly came to appreciate Berthier's system, adopting it for his own headquarters, although Napoleon's usage was limited to his own command group.

The Maison Militaire de l'Empereur Military Household of the Emperor was Napoleon's personal military staff and included the department of aides-de-camp ADCs , orderly officers until , the Emperor's Cabinet with the Secretariat, a department that collected intelligence about the enemy using spies and the topographical department.

The ADCs to the emperor were mainly loyal, experienced generals or, at times, other senior officers whom he knew from his Italian or Egyptian campaigns.

All were famous for their bravery and were experts in their own branches of service. Working directly under the supervision of the emperor, these officers were sometimes assigned to temporary command of units or formations or entrusted with diplomatic missions.

Most of the time, however, their tasks consisted of making detailed inspection tours and long-distance reconnaissances.

When they had to carry orders from the emperor to an army commander, these would be verbal rather than written.

The appointment of ADC to the emperor was so influential that they were considered to be "Napoleon's eyes and ears" and even marshals were wise to follow their advice and render them the respect due to their function.

On 29 April , a decree organised their service. Every morning at , the duty ADC and his staff were relieved and the new ADC for the next 24 hours had to present the emperor with a list of names of the staff under his command.

This would consist of two supplementary daytime general ADCs and one night ADC, one equerry and through a rotation system half the number of orderly officers, half the number of the petits aides de camp two or three personal ADCs to the general ADCs, who might also be commanded directly by the emperor and half the number of pages.

Their number differed from time to time, but only 37 officers were ever commissioned ADC to the emperor and at normal times their number was restricted to Each of these officers wore the normal general's uniform of his rank, but with gold aiguilettes as the symbol of his function.

The appointment of ADC to the emperor did not always last as long as the emperor's reign; an ADC might be given another position such as a field command, a governorship, etc.

The officiers d'ordonnance orderly officers may be considered as junior ADCs, with the rank of chef d'escadron , captain or lieutenant.

They, too, were used for special missions such as reconnaissance and inspections, but also to carry written orders.

The decrees regulating their service were signed on 15, 19 and 24 September and finally on 19 September Since the earliest collaboration of Napoleon and Berthier, its organisation was more or less fixed and it would see only slight changes during the later campaigns of the empire.

The General Headquarters was Berthier's unique domain and the emperor respected this demarcation. Its personnel received orders only from Berthier and even Napoleon did not interfere in its immense tasks; he would never walk in on Berthier's private staff while they were writing and copying the orders that he had just given.

Since the emperor was his own "operations officer", it can be said that Berthier's job consisted of absorbing Napoleon's strategic intentions, translating them into written orders and transmitting them with the utmost speed and clarity.

He also received in the emperor's name the reports of the marshals and commanding generals and when necessary signed them on Napoleon's behalf.

Detailed reports on everything that occurred for good or ill were to be sent to Berthier, who would in turn select the most important ones and transmit them to the emperor; nothing was to be concealed from Napoleon.

Lest one think this was a safe job of the modern staff officers, a contemporary subordinate staff officer, Brossier, reports that at the Battle of Marengo :.

He himself was hit by a bullet in the arm. Two of his aides-de-camp, Dutaillis and La Borde, had their horses killed. It was subdivided into several corps usually from five to seven , each numbering anywhere between 10, and 50,, with the average size being around 20, to 30, troops.

While capable of fully independent operations and of defending themselves until reinforced, the corps usually worked in close concert together and kept within a day's marching distance of one another.

The corps would often follow separate routes on a wide front and were small enough to live by foraging, allowing fewer supplies to be carried.

Napoleon placed great trust in his corps commanders and usually allowed them a wide freedom of action, provided they acted within the outlines of his strategic objectives and worked together to accomplish them.

When they failed to do this to his satisfaction, however, he would not hesitate to reprimand or relieve them and in many cases took personal command of their corps himself.

Corps were first formed in , when General Jean Moreau divided the Army of the Rhine into four corps. These were only temporary groupings, however, and it was not until that Napoleon made them permanent units.

He would sometimes form the cavalry into separate corps, so they would be able to move and mass more quickly without being slowed by the infantry or foot artillery.

The main tactical units of the corps were the divisions , usually consisting of 4, to 10, infantry or 2, to 4, cavalrymen.

These in turn were made up of two or three brigades of two regiments apiece and supported by an artillery brigade of three or four batteries , each with six field cannons and two howitzers , making 24 to 32 guns in all.

Napoleon also wanted it to be an example for the entire army to follow, and a force that, since it had fought with him over several campaigns, was completely loyal.

Although the infantry was rarely committed en masse, the Guard's cavalry was often thrown into battle as the killing blow and its artillery used to pound enemies prior to assaults.

Units of the latter were created for service on land by conscripting naval personnel surplus to requirement of the navy. There was also the marine artillery, which were mostly naval gunners used for coastal batteries and fortresses called bataillons de la Matelot du Haut-Bord or Les Equipages de Haut-Bord — marines of the High Shore created by decree of Napoleon on 1 April Some 63 artillery batteries were manned some numbers remaining vacant.

Some examples include: [38]. The Marins de la Garde transliterated as Sailors of the Guard , but more accurately Marines of the Guard were organised into five equipages ship's company , each with five escouades , with a total strength of men, [39] the unit having been created ostensibly for preparation of the invasion of Britain.

With Napoleon's first abdication, an ensign and 21 marines accompanied him to Elba, and returned with him for the Hundred Days campaign when their strength was increased to an equipage of officers and men.

The battalions of marine artillery were conscripted for the German Campaign, and included four regiments with the 1st regiment intended to have 8 battalions, 2nd regiment with 10 battalions, and the 3rd and 4th regiments with four battalions each, totalling 9, men in all [41] serving with Marshal Auguste de Marmont 's VI Corps.

Combined with sailor battalions, these fought as part of the Division de Marine at the battles of Lützen, Bautzen, Dresden, and won high praise at the Battle of Leipzig.

The Marine Guard units were disbanded in The Cavalry of the Guard was involved in combat numerous times, and with few exceptions proved its worth in action.

The scouts had only the time to distinguish themselves during the defence of France in and were dissolved by King Louis XVIII upon the restoration of the Bourbon monarchy.

In , Napoleon had reinstated the term "regiment", the revolutionary term " demi-brigade " due to the fact there were two per brigade and it lacked the royal connotations was now only used for provisional troops and depot units.

There would eventually be Ligne regiments. A line infantry battalion was numbered at about men; however, this was the battalion's 'full strength' and few units ever reached this.

A more typical strength for a battalion would be — men. From to , a line infantry battalion had eight fusilier companies and one grenadier company.

From to , a line infantry battalion had seven fusilier companies, one grenadier company, and one voltigeur company. From to , a line infantry battalion had four companies of fusiliers, one company of grenadiers, and one company of voltigeurs.

According to the regulation, [45] [46] the staff of each company and the regiment HQ was the following:. In total, there were supposed to be 3, men in a regiment in each four main battalions, and in the rear battalion , among them officers and 3, noncommissioned officers and privates.

Newly formed battalions did not have a grenadier company; rather, Napoleon ordered that after two campaigns, several of the strongest, bravest, and tallest fusiliers were to be promoted to a grenadier company, so each line battalion which had seen more than two campaigns had one company of grenadiers.

Regulations required that grenadier recruits were to be the tallest, most fearsome men in the regiments, and all were to have moustaches. After , regulations stipulated that line grenadiers were to replace their bearskin with a shako lined red with a red plume; however, many chose to retain their bearskins.

In addition to the standard Charleville model and bayonet, grenadiers were also equipped with a short sabre.

This was to be used for close combat, but most often ended up serving as a tool to cut wood for campfires.

A grenadier company would usually be situated on the right side of a formation, traditionally the place of greatest honour since the days of hoplite warfare in which a corps' right flank had less protection from the shield line of its formation.

During a campaign, grenadier companies could be detached to form a grenadier battalion or occasionally a regiment or brigade.

These formations would then be used as a shock force or the vanguard for a larger formation. Voltigeurs literally, Vaulters or Leapers were elite light infantry of the line regiments.

In , Napoleon ordered that the smallest, most agile men of the line battalions be chosen to form a voltigeur company. These troops were to be second only to the grenadiers in the battalion hierarchy.

Their name comes from their original mission. Voltigeurs were to vault upon horses of friendly cavalry for faster movement, an idea which proved impractical if not outright impossible.

Despite this, the voltigeurs did perform a valuable task, skirmishing and providing scouts for each battalion, as well as providing an organic light infantry component for each line regiment.

In training, emphasis was placed on marksmanship and quick movement. Voltigeurs were equipped with large yellow and green or yellow and red plumes for their bicornes.

After , their shakos were lined with yellow and carried similar plumes. They also had yellow epaulettes lined green and a yellow collar on their coats.

Originally, voltigeurs were to be equipped with the short dragoon musket, however in practice, they were equipped with the Charleville model and bayonet.

Like grenadiers, voltigeurs were equipped with a short sabre for close combat, and like grenadiers this was rarely used.

Voltigeur companies could be detached and formed into regiments or brigades to create a light infantry formation. After , the voltigeur company was situated on the left of the line when in combat.

This was traditionally the second highest position of honour in the line of battle. Fusiliers were armed with a smoothbore , muzzle -loaded flintlock Charleville model musket and a bayonet.

Fusilier training placed emphasis on speed of march and endurance, along with individually aimed fire at close range and close quarters combat.

This differed greatly from the training given to the majority of European armies, which emphasised moving in rigid formations and firing massed volleys.

Many of the early Napoleonic victories were due to the ability of the French armies to cover long distances with speed, and this ability was thanks to the training given to the infantry.

From , each battalion comprised eight fusilier companies. Each company numbered around men. In , one of the fusilier companies was dissolved and reformed as a voltigeur company.

In , Napoleon reorganised the infantry battalion from nine to six companies. The new companies were to be larger, comprising men, and four of these were to be made up of fusiliers, one of grenadiers, and one of voltigeurs.

The fusiliers wore a bicorne, until this was superseded by the shako in The uniform of a fusilier consisted of white trousers, white surcoat and a dark blue coat the habit long model until , thereafter the habit veste with white lapels, red collar and cuffs.

Each fusilier wore a coloured pom-pom on his hat. The colour of this pom-pom changed depending on the company the man belonged to, as military uniforms reached their excessive pinnacle at around this period in time.

After the reorganisation, the first company was issued with a dark green pom-pom, the second with sky blue, the third with orange and the fourth with violet.

The difference laid in the training and the resulting high esprit de corps. After two campaigns, the tallest and bravest chasseurs were chosen to join a carabinier company.

They performed as elite shock troops for the battalion. As with the grenadiers, carabiniers were required to wear moustaches. They were armed with the Charleville model , a bayonet, and a short sabre.

The carabinier uniform consisted of a tall bearskin cap superseded in by a red trimmed shako with a red plume. They wore the same uniform as the chasseurs, but with red epaulettes.

Carabinier companies could be detached to form larger all carabinier formations for assaults or other operations requiring assault troops.

The colpack had a large yellow over red plume and green cords. After , a shako replaced the colpack, with a large yellow plume and yellow lining.

They made up the majority of the formation. They were armed with the Charleville model musket and a bayonet, and also with a short sabre for close combat.

From , each battalion comprising eight chasseur companies. The new companies were to be larger, comprising men, and four of these were to be made up of chasseurs.

The chasseurs had far more ornate uniforms than their contemporaries the fusiliers. Until , they were equipped with a cylindrical shako with a large dark green plume and decorated with white cords.

Their uniform was a darker blue than that of the line regiments, to aid with camouflage while skirmishing. Their coat was similar to that of the line troops, but their lapels and cuffs were also dark blue, and it featured dark green and red epaulettes.

They also wore dark blue trousers and high imitation hussar boots. After , the cylindrical shako was replaced with the standard shako, but was still embellished by white cords.

As with the line fusiliers, chasseur companies were distinguished by coloured pom-poms, but the colours for the different companies changed from regiment to regiment.

A grenadier of the line, c. Cavalry regiments of —1, men were made up of three or four escadrons of two companies each, plus supporting elements.

In light cavalry and dragoon regiments, the first company of every regiment's first escadron, was always designated as 'elite', with presumably, the best men and horses.

Consequently, the quality of French cavalry drastically declined. Napoleon rebuilt the branch, turning it into arguably the finest in the world.

Until , it was undefeated in any large engagements above the regimental level. There were two primary types of cavalry for different roles, heavy and light.

The elite among all French heavy cavalry line formations, the two regiments of mounted carabiniers had a very similar appearance with the mounted grenadiers of the Imperial Guard; bearskins, long blue coats, etc.

They were largely used in identical manner to the Cuirassiers, but being initially unarmored, they were less suited for close-quarters, melee combat.

Unarmored heavy cavalry was the norm in Europe during most of the Napoleonic Wars, with the French being the first to reintroduce the back-and-breastplate.

In , appalled by their mauling at the hands of Austrian uhlans, Napoleon ordered that they be given armour. The carabinier's refusal to copy the less elite cuirassiers resulted in them being given special armor, with their helmets and cuirasses being sheathed in bronze for added visual effect.

But this did not prevent them from being defeated by Russian cuirassiers at Borodino in , and panicking before Hungarian hussars at Leipzig the following year.

The heavy cavalry, wearing a heavy cuirass breastplate and helmets of brass and iron and armed with straight long sabers, pistols, and later carbines.

Like medieval knights, they served as mounted shock troops. Because of the weight of their armour and weapons, both the trooper and the horse had to be big and strong, and could put a lot of force behind their charge.

Though the cuirass could not protect against direct musket fire, it could deflect ricochets and shots from long range, and offered some protection from pistol shots.

More importantly, the breastplates protected against the swords and lances of opposing cavalry. Napoleon often combined together all of his cuirassiers and carabiniers into a cavalry reserve, to be used at the decisive moment of the battle.

In this manner, they proved to be an extremely potent force on the battlefield. The British, in particular, who mistakenly believed the cuirassiers were Napoleon's bodyguard, and would later come to adapt their distinctive helmets and breastplates for their own Household Cavalry.

There were originally 25 cuirassier regiments, reduced to 12 by Napoleon initially who later added three more. At the beginning of his rule, most of the cuirassier regiments were severely understrength, so Napoleon ordered the best men and horses to be allocated to the first 12 regiments, while the rest were reorganised into dragoons.

The medium-weight mainstays of the French cavalry, although considered heavy cavalry, who were used for battle, skirmishing, and scouting.

They were highly versatile being armed not only with distinctive straight swords, but also muskets with bayonets enabling them to fight as infantry as well as mounted, though fighting on foot had become increasingly uncommon for dragoons of all armies in the decades preceding Napoleon.

The versatility of a dual-purpose soldier came at the cost of their horsemanship and swordsmanship often not being up to the same standards as those of other cavalry.

Finding enough large horses proved a challenge. Some infantry officers were even required to give up their mounts for the dragoons, creating resentment towards them from this branch as well.

There were 25, later 30, dragoon regiments. In , only 15 could be raised and mounted in time for the Waterloo campaign.

These fast, light cavalrymen were the eyes, ears, and egos of the Napoleonic armies. This opinion was not entirely unjustified and their flamboyant uniforms reflected their panache.

Tactically, they were used for reconnaissance , skirmishing, and screening for the army to keep their commanders informed of enemy movements while denying the enemy the same information and to pursue fleeing enemy troops.

Armed only with curved sabres and pistols, they had reputations for reckless bravery to the point of being almost suicidal. It was said by their most famous commander General Antoine Lasalle that a hussar who lived to be 30 was truly an old guard and very fortunate.

Lasalle was killed at the Battle of Wagram at age There were 10 regiments in , with an 11th added in and two more in These were light cavalry identical to hussars in arms and role.

But, unlike the chasseurs of the Imperial Guard and their infantry counterparts, they were considered less prestigious or elite. Their uniforms were less colourful as well, consisting of infantry-style shakos in contrast to the fur busby worn by some French hussars , green coats, green breeches, and short boots.

They were, however, the most numerous of the light cavalry, with 31 regiments in , 6 of which comprised Flemish, Swiss, Italians and Germans.

They were armed with, as their name indicates, lances along with sabres and pistols. Initially, French ministers of war insisted on arming all lancers identically.

Real battlefield experience, however, proved that the Polish way of arming only the first line with lance while the second rank carried carbines instead was much more practical and thus was adopted.

Lancers were the best cavalry for charging against infantry squares, where their lances could outreach the infantry's bayonets, as was the case with Colborne's British brigade at Albuera in and also in hunting down a routed enemy.

Their ability to scour and finish off the wounded without ever stepping off their saddle created perfect scenes of horror for the enemy.

They could be deadly against other types of cavalry as well, most famously demonstrated by the fate of Sir William Ponsonby and his Scots Greys at Waterloo.

Excluding those of the Guard, there were 9 lancer regiments. French 4th Hussars at the Battle of Friedland. The emperor was a former artillery officer, and reportedly said "God fights on the side with the best artillery.

The French guns were often used in massed batteries or grandes batteries to soften up enemy formations before being subjected to the closer attention of the infantry or cavalry.

Superb gun-crew training allowed Napoleon to move the weapons at great speed to either bolster a weakening defensive position, or else hammer a potential break in enemy lines.

Besides superior training, Napoleon's artillery was also greatly aided by the numerous technical improvements to French cannons by General Jean Baptiste de Gribeauval which made them lighter, faster, and much easier to sight, as well as strengthened the carriages and introduced standard sized calibres.

French cannons had brass barrels and their carriages, wheels, and limbers were painted olive-green. Superb organisation fully integrated the artillery into the infantry and cavalry units it supported, yet also allowed it to operate independently if the need arose.

As the name indicates, these gunners marched alongside their guns, which were, of course, pulled by horses when limbered undeployed.

Hence, they travelled at the infantry's pace or slower. The main operational and tactical units were the batteries or companies of men each, which were formed into brigades and assigned to the divisions and corps.

Battery personnel included not only gun crews, NCOs, and officers, but drummers, trumpeters, metal workers, woodworkers, ouvriers, furriers, and artificers.

They would be responsible for fashioning spare parts, maintaining and repairing the guns, carriages, caissons and wagons, as well as tending the horses and storing munitions.

The cavalry were supported by the fast moving, fast firing light guns of the horse artillery. This arm was a hybrid of cavalry and artillery with their crews riding either on the horses or on the carriages into battle.

Because they operated much closer to the front lines, the officers and crews were better armed and trained for close quarters combat, mounted or dismounted much as were the dragoons.

Once in position, they were trained to quickly dismount, unlimber deploy , and sight their guns, then fire rapid barrages at the enemy.

They could then quickly limber undeploy the guns, remount, and move on to a new position. To accomplish this, they had to be the best trained and most elite of all artillerymen.

The horse batteries of the Imperial Guard could go from riding at full gallop to firing their first shot in just under a minute. After witnessing such a performance, an astounded Duke of Wellington remarked, "They move their cannon as if it were a pistol!

In addition to the batteries assigned to the cavalry units, Napoleon would also assign at least one battery to each infantry corps or, if available, to each division.

Their abilities came at a price, however, as horse batteries were very expensive to raise and maintain.

Consequently, they were far fewer in number than their foot counterparts, typically constituting only one fifth of the artillery's strength.

It was a boastful joke among their ranks that the emperor knew every horse gunner by name. Besides better training, horses, weapons, and equipment, they used far more ammunition.

The CSFA supported the human element, the military logistics supply and transport , wherever, previously, forces of the French Air Force operated or trained.

These two brigades are now subordinate to the CFA. All air regions were disestablished on 1 January In the s, there were five air regions RA.

The number was then reduced to four by a decree of 30 June with the disestablishment of the 5th Aerial Region French North Africa. From to the French Air Force underwent the "Air " streamlining process.

The main targets of this project were to simplify the command structure, to regroup all military and civil air force functions and to rationalise and optimise all air force units.

Five major commands, were formed, instead of the former 13, and several commands and units were disbanded. The directorate is responsible for Air Force recruitment via the recruiting bureau.

French joint defence service organisations, supporting the air force, include: [31]. Commanded by a Lieutenant-colonel or Colonel, the Escadre is a formation that assembles various units and personnel dedicated to the same mission.

Four Escadres were reformed in the first phase: [38]. In the second phase, the French Air Force announced in August the creation of six additional wings: [38].

The French Air Force announced in August that unit numbering, moves of affected aircraft, and the transfer of historic material flags, traditions and names would be completed in Commanded by a lieutenant-colonel, the Escadron is the basic operational unit.

This term replaced that of Group as of with the aim to standardize usage with the allies of NATO who were using the term 'squadron'.

A fighter squadron escadron can number some twenty machines, spread in general in three Escadrilles. The squadrons have retained the designations of the former Escadres disbanded during the s.

Not all escadrons Squadrons are necessarily attached to an Escadre. The Escadrille flight has both an administrative and operational function, even of the essential operational control is done at the level of the Esacdron.

A pilot is assigned to the Escadrille, however the equipment and material devices, on the other hand, are assigned to the Escadron.

Since the putting into effect of the ESTA Aeronautic Technical Support Escadrons , material devices and the mechanics are assigned directly to the base then put at disposition of the based Escadrons.

The Fusiliers Commandos de l'Air comprise: [39]. Protection Squadrons protect airbases inside and outside the national territory, and in exterior operations as well.

The CPAs carry out common missions, as well as specialized tasks; including intervention and reinforcement of protection at the profit of sensible points " air " inside and outside the national territory.

Flying activity in France is carried out by a network of bases, platforms and French air defence radar systems. It is supported by bases, which are supervised and maintained by staff, centres of operations, warehouses, workshops, and schools.

Both in France and abroad, bases have similar infrastructure to provide standardised support. Some French air bases house radar units e.

Others house material warehouses or command posts. As swift as the French Air Force operates, the closure of aerial bases is more constant and immediate, having known a strong acceleration since the s.

An airbase commander has authority over all units stationed on his base. Depending on the units tasks this means that he is responsible for approximately to personnel.

On average, a base, made up of about personnel nearly people including family , provides a yearly economic boost to its area of about 60 million euros.

Consequently, determining the sites for air bases constitutes a major part of regional planning. More than ten bases have been closed since Aircraft of the French Air Force include: [43].

In , forecasts for personnel of the French Air Force were expected to number 50, out of which 44, aviators on the horizon in They form several functions:.

Officers , within their recruitment and future specialty, are trained at:. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Air and space warfare branch of France's armed forces.

Main article: List of French Air Force bases. Main article: Ranks in the French Air Force. France portal. Archived from the original on 27 November Retrieved 10 December Archived PDF from the original on 10 January Retrieved 10 January Archived from the original PDF on 13 December The Washington Herald.

Library of Congress. Retrieved 21 December London: Jane's Publishing Company. Archived from the original on 3 December Archived from the original on 21 January Retrieved 21 January Archived 1 October at the Wayback Machine , 14 March Archived from the original on 24 July Retrieved 22 July Retrieved on Archived from the original on 13 September Retrieved 13 December Archived from the original on 25 June Retrieved 24 June Archived PDF from the original on 20 July Retrieved 20 July Archived from the original on 21 August Retrieved 21 August Archived from the original on 14 December Retrieved 14 December Archived from the original on 22 December Retrieved 20 December Archived from the original on 7 November Retrieved 3 November Archived from the original on 24 January Retrieved 23 January Aircraft of the French Air and Space Force.

Mirage Rafale. Strategic Tanker Transport. Helicopter Drone SAM. Air forces in Europe.

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